The Debate Over Capital Punishment - 936 Words

The debate over capital punishment is in regards to whether the death penalty contradicts the Eighth Amendment. If the death penalty does contradict the Eight Amendment, then the State should not have the power to sentence criminals to death for capital crimes. However, if capital punishment is not against the Eighth Amendment, then the State has the right to sentence criminals to death. In this essay I will first summarize Justice Brennan’s argument on why the death penalty is beyond the power of the State to inflict. Then, I will explain and discuss each of Brennan’s premises. Finally, I will analyze each of Brennan’s faulty premises. If I can successfully prove that one of his premises is false, it will prove that his argument is unsound. Although Brennan’s conclusion follows with necessity from his premises, making his argument valid, his argument is unsound because his third premise is false. Below is Brennan’s argument in standard form: 1. If the death penalty is a severe and degrading punishment, is inflicted arbitrarily, is rejected by almost everyone is society, and is not more effective as any lesser punishment, then the death penalty is against the Eighth Amendment. 2. If the death penalty is against the Eighth Amendment, then the death penalty is beyond the power of the State to inflict. 3. The death penalty is a severe and degrading punishment, is inflicted arbitrarily, is rejected by almost everyone is society, and is not more effective than as any lesserShow MoreRelatedThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1183 Words   |  5 Pagesmorally just and constitutional. Those thinking it is cruel want capital punishment abolished. The others want to see it revised and maintained. Capital punishment is being sentenced to death and executed for committing various crimes. Usually, it is reserved for convicted murder cases, but had been used for others such as: armed robbery, kidnapping, rape, and treason. Only about sixty countries still use capital punishment – the United States included. Canada, Australia, and most EuropeanRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment1599 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Capital Punishment is a sure punishment. Sure punishment in the sense that the convicted never commits another crime, namely a homicide, again. People that oppose it support the argument that as human beings we shouldn’t take the responsibility of judging who should and shouldn’t die. That argument is backed by moral reasons, whether they are religious or simply ethical beliefs. Another argument against it is the fact that an offender facing the death penalty does not deter themRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesThe Debate over Capital Punishment South Carolina, January 15, 1993. After wounding an Orangeburg, S.C. police officer with a misfired bullet, Thomas Treshawn Ivey, an Alabama prison escapee, proceeded to fired five more shots into the police officer from a handgun at close range after the wounded police office had reached for his gun. Ivey fled the scene but was quickly apprehended. This scenario is not to different from the horrible acts of violence that lead an offender to death row whereRead MoreThe Debate over Capital Punishment Essays2057 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Death penalty or capital punishment is an issue which is quiet debatable. It is an issue that has divided the world socially and morally. There are both supporters as well as people who are against it. Due to human rights communities and lawmaker’s struggle much debate has been done on this issue. Capital punishment laws have been removed from most of the countries including Europe. However death penalty is legal in countries including some states of USA, China and also Arab countriesRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Capital Punishment1141 Words   |  5 Pages The debate over capital punishment has been raging on for countless number of years. Capital punishment has been used for thousands of years due to the physiological fear it inflicts on the people who witness and learn about the death penalty. The use of this punishment has helped to reduce crime and alter the minds of future criminals to deter them against committing heinous crimes such as murder, treason, espiona ge, terrorism and in some cases aggravated kidnapping. Advocates say it deters crimeRead MoreCapital Punishment Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesAdvent Catholic Encyclopedia, Capital Punishment is the infliction by due legal process of the penalty of death as a punishment for crime. Capital Punishment, also known as, the Death Penalty has been around for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes (www.deathpenaltyinfo.org). Not only is Capital Punishment ancient, it is highly controversialRead MoreIs Capital Punishment Ever Justified?844 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment, better known as the death penalty, is the act of killing or executing a person who was found guilty of a serious crime, by the government. Capital punishment became widespread during the Middle Ages and was applied throughout Western Europe for more than t wo thousand years. Although, the call to abolish it started in the 18th century, some of the first countries being Venezuela in 1863, San Marino in 1865, and Costa Rica in 1877. Great Britain abolished the death penalty in 1965Read MoreDeath Penalty On Violent Criminals1520 Words   |  7 PagesBrandon Bechtel Miller English 1301 B5 28 November 2015 Death Penalty on Violent Criminals The Death penalty, known as capital punishment is when a criminal is executed by a governing authority. We (the United States) continue to allow the death penalty. Many countries make the death penalty illegal. Many discussions over this being legal, moral ethical, and economic ramifications of the death penalty are continuous across the world. Most of the nations have at one time made the death penaltyRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Effective Tool1493 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment has been a subject of public debate, since the time the practice of the death penalty was implemented into the legal system. With the number of historical occurrences, it was widely acknowledged that the administration of capital punishment remains to be an imperfect embodiment of governmental power. Many studies in the context of criminological analysis have provided statistics, although inconclusive, regarding capital punishment as an effective tool in terms of deterrence. ItRead MoreCapi tal Punishment : A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment

Poverty And Education Dealing With Social Change Essay

Poverty and Education Dealing with Social Change Populace, destitution and sexual orientation are the three interconnected elements, assuming huge part in access to essential instruction. The measure of populace, its development rate and arrangement has made unfavorable consequences for the financial advancement and thusly opened the conduit for lack of education and extraordinary destitution the nation over. While the part of instruction as an impetus in taking out neediness and imbalance from society has been generally perceived related with financial development, sound administration and institutional viability, poverty is still a principal out of school component adding to lack of education. Difference in access to instruction among populaces and gatherings exists because of various demographic, social, and social elements and sexual orientation is the overwhelming component. Understanding basic calculates social life is one of the top learning objectives of a course in sociology. As yet, requesting that understudies consider auxiliary clarifications for poverty requires that understudies consider that their own achievements in life might be expected, to a limited extent, to benefit as opposed to diligent work. Given this, it is not astonishing that understudies regularly have negative responses to these sorts of discussions. The motivation behind the present article is to show the improvement and assessment of the Game of Social Life, a poverty reproduction intended toShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Cultural Production Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesThe parents may have to choose between providing resources for school or putting food on the table that day, for example. This idea strengthens the argument that poverty and education are interwoven in a complex web. Another important detail that can be explained by one of the anthropological authors is the theory of cultural production. This theory is explained as the way teachers unconsciously process subliminal class to hierarchize their students (Bourgois). Not only does this directly connectRead MoreThe Themes Of Poverty In A Little Rebellion By Bridget Moran1014 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Change Needed Bigger but not better. The latter half of Bridget Moran’s autobiographical novel, A Little Rebellion, provides examples of how the social work industry has grown through the decades without effecting much change around fundamental issues such as poverty. Moran (1992) examines how privatization and the contracting out of social programming created a â€Å"shadow ministry† or â€Å"para-ministry† that broadened the scope of services provided (pp. 141-142) while the number of people requiringRead MoreSocial Justice and Ending Poverty Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Justice is about making society function better – providing the support and tools to help turn lives around. This is a challenging new approach to dealing with poverty in all its forms. It is not about income poverty alone.(SJS) Throughout this essay I will explore why Poverty is a primary issue when striving for Social Justice and how, we as professionals, can attempt to overcome this by working together to achieve a fairer more just society. Social Work, Primary Education and Community LearningRead MoreThe Four Main Determinants Of Health1702 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual behavior, physical environment, and social circumstances, and how healthcare providers such as nurses can use this knowledge to promote health. By having a better understanding of healthy lifestyles, and the factors that contribute to it, society can change. Using facts, research findings, and personal interventions, this paper will discuss what society needs to do to become healthier. Social Economic Factors Income, wealth, and education are three social economic factors that play a vital roleRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order toRead MoreCauses of Homelessness Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many factors that lead to poverty and homelessness. People often jump to conclusions and form stereotypes to look down upon those who are poor. Stereotypes include poor people who are viewed as lazy, jobless, criminals, or un-educated. When I think of a homeless individual, I would agree with most of the stereotypes and find within the reading and researching that there is more to just the mental perceived thoughts. I think one big cause of being in poverty or being homeless is by the choicesRead MoreEssay on Poverty and Common Mental Disorders in Developing Countries1040 Words   |  5 Pagesassociated with poverty (like tuberculosis); treatment and prevention of mental diseases should involve confronting poverty and economic development, apart from the medical interventions. The rest of the paper provides a discussion of the evidence backing these points and the ways in which they can be implemented. These conclusions and the reasons why they are remarkable are discussed in this critique. This is a review of 11 community studies on the association between poverty and common mentalRead MorePoverty Dilemmas that Canadians are Facing Today1483 Words   |  6 Pagesbegun to fix the poverty situation that many Canadians deal with in a daily bases. Structural Functionalism Theory, Conflict Theory and the Feminist Perspective are going to be used in for this argument in this paper. This will give reader a better understanding and depth of the country’s Poverty issues that are currently taken place. It describes a brief history of poverty to today’s current issues in our communities, and what are some of the solutions we could do to fix poverty in Canada. This issueRead MoreSocial Class Inequality : The Existence Of Unequal Opportunities1247 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. Factors of social class inequality are wealth, incom e, occupational, schooling, race, and ethnicity. Our society has changed from a manufacturing run workforce to a service ran workforce which has provided less jobs and increased unemployment rates. With all the changes our society has become much more depended on technology and one-minded thinking.Read MorePoverty : The Gulf Coast810 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty can change how people act and the way that they live in society. Poverty can also stand for the experience someone may lose by living the same way as everyone else around them. Poverty can mean different things such as lack money and experience, but all types of poverty can limit what a person can do such as in the short stories â€Å"The Gulf Coast,† â€Å"The Louisiana Live Oak Society,† and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man.† The short story â€Å"The Gulf Coast† shows poverty by the lack of experience

Pepsi Mission and Swot Analysis Free Essays

Wendy Montagno Mkt-3120-401 Firm Mission Statement PepsiCo. Pepsi has had a long and rich history. The drink was invented by Caleb Bradham, a pharmacist in New Bern, North Carolina. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Mission and Swot Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He patented the drink and launched the Pepsi-Cola Company in1902, from the back room of his pharmacy. It developed into a strong franchise system. The dedication of the local Pepsi-Cola bottlers, have provided a solid foundation. Pepsi’s mission has always been to be a responsible corporate citizen. They strive to be the world’s premier consumer products company, focused on convenient foods and beverages. They work at producing financial rewards for its investors. They provide opportunities for growth for their employees and partners. Above all, they make every effort for honesty, fairness and integrity. Pepsi states their vision on their website as â€Å"PepsiCo’s responsibility is to continually improve all aspects of the world in which we operate – environment, social, economic – creating a better tomorrow than today. † They wish to create programs and focus on environmental stewardship to benefit the society. They also want to build shareholder value by becoming a truly sustainable company. Pepsi is the world’s second largest beverage and food company based on its net revenue. In North America it is first largest Beverage and Food Company by net revenue. SWOT analysis of PepsiCo. Internal Strengths One of Pepsi’s strengths is its history with a longtime local home. They also have a long standing loyal customer base. They also stay on top of current technology systems and networks to manage their manufacturing and distribution. Pepsi prides itself on knowing their customers needs to provide excellent customer service and implement global growth. Weaknesses Pepsi must keep an eye on chain stores. Chain stores have a lower per-unit cost and can provide a lower price for their items. Pepsi has also had problems with offering new products without having sufficient knowledge of their target demographic. Their size is also a concern. The company is so large that it could lose focus or have internal conflict problems External Opportunities Pepsi needs to utilize the expanding Internet possibilities to better serve their customers. This goes in hand with providing training to their employees as systems become more complicated. They could also better position themselves to provide excellent personal service to compete with box stores since the large store seem to be driven by sales. Threats Pepsi always faces a challenge from their largest competitor, Coke whom has the world’s largest beverage distribution. On the other side they deal with competition from General Mills and ConAgra which are striving to have a larger market share in the snack market. Pepsi also faces the challenge of different regulations and policies set by governments in other countries. How to cite Pepsi Mission and Swot Analysis, Essay examples

Blenheim Instruments Ltd and its Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about the Blenheim Instruments Ltd and its Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: Jenny Pike, assistant account for Blenheim Instruments Ltd, along-with the accountant of the business, Russell Bayer, during the finalization process of the balance sheet for Blenheim Instruments Ltd as on 30th June 2015 came across a situation with regard to measurement and recognition of accounts receivable and its associated doubtful debts allowance for two of the largest customers of Blenheim Instruments Ltd where she observed that the two largest customers are facing financial hardship and had gone into liquidation process due to which Blenheim Instruments Ltd would not be able to recover no more than 10% of the debts owed to them. Blenheim Instruments Ltd also had in its financial books a large loan taken from ABB Bank. As per loan covenants based on loan agreement Blenheim Instruments Ltd is required to maintain its current ratio (current assets less inventories over current liabilities) of at least 1.25:1 and if Blenheim Instruments Ltd recognizes the effect of above mentioned accounts receivables of two largest customers it will not be able to meet its minimum required current ratio as per the loan covenants mentioned above. Jenny Pike decides to take up the matter with Russell Bayer but to her discomfort was informed to avoid recognizing the bad accounts receivable and leave the situation as it is till next year and by that time they will be able to estimate the impact on accounts receivable with certainty and manage to maintain its required current ratio as per loan agreement as on 30th June 2015. Who all are the stakeholders involved in the situation? Stakeholders Stakeholders are referred to those who have or may have any type of interest in an organization (company). It also includes those who are affected or may be affected by or have or may have an effect on an organization (company) (Kenny 2014). Stakeholders can be an individual, a group of individuals or an organization (bbc.co.uk). The below diagram depicts the various stakeholders a company may have: Stakeholders - Blenheim Instruments Ltd In the given case, there are number of stakeholders which can be identified in the given situation: Owners: The main stakeholders involved in the present case and situation are the owners of the Blenheim Instruments Ltd. The have a significant interest in the given situation as they will be the first victim of any loan covenants being not fulfilled by the company. Owners generally provide personal guarantees to the bank for raising any kind of loan facility to finance their business and in the event of non-fulfillment of any obligation by the company in respect of the loan; owners are the first party being affected badly. Management: Management of Blenheim Instruments Ltd, represented by Russell Bayer, is another stakeholder in the given case and situation. It is the responsibility of the management of a company to undertake day to day running operations of the company and also honor expectations and requirements of various other stakeholders like owners, employees, customers, lenders, suppliers etc. Employees: Employees of Blenheim Instruments Ltd, represented by Jenny Pike, is another stakeholder in the given case and situation. Employees forms part of one of major stakeholders of the company as they are directly impacted by any decision in favor or not in favor of the business of the company. The bread and butter for employees depends upon the successful running operations of the company and thus they are very much interested to keep the company in good health and shape. Customers: Customers are also one of the most important stakeholders a company has. In the given case customers are represented by two large accounts receivables. Customers provide the much needed sales, profits and cash to the company and the success of the company depends on how successful the company is able to manage its customers. Lenders: Lenders of Blenheim Instruments Ltd, represented by ABB Bank, is another stakeholder in the given case and situation. ABB Bank has lend loan amount to the company and have laid down certain loan covenants Blenheim Instruments Ltd need to adhere to. References Bbc.co.uk, Stakeholders, viewed on 01 September 2016, retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/business/environment/stakeholders1.shtml. ctb.ku.edu, Identifying and Analyzing Stakeholders and Their Interests, viewed on 01 September 2016, retrieved from https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/encouraging-involvement/identify-stakeholders/main. Kenny, G. (2014), Five Questions to Identify Key Stakeholders, Harvard Business Review, viewed on 01 September 2016, retrieved from https://hbr.org/2014/03/five-questions-to-identify-key-stakeholders.

Military Forces and Politics of Iran

Introduction Military forces in third world countries have taken a central role in political systems of these countries. The military forces are active in both the political process and political discourse in their countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Middle East in general and Iran in particular military forces are playing a pivotal role in the control of both political and state machinery and are critical in shaping the political events of Iran (Iranian Research 1). Military forces and politics in Iran The genesis of the role of politics in Iran was in the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty which was realized through military coup organized by Reza Shah in 1921 and the second monarch followed suit by relying on military forces to maintain the continuity of his regime. The reliance of Iran in military power is due to the challe nges it faces from the west due to its stand on nuclear power and public demand for both economic and political reforms (Iran politics 1). The formulation of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) guidance rules in the 1980 which was dubbed â€Å"obligation of the guards† stated that the IRGC was to liaise and cooperate with the government on both security and military matters which was to include the arrest of all counterrevolutionary movements and also to disarm unauthorized persons. This already made the IRGC a politico-military organization with the responsibility to tackle domestic opposition. The Iranian forces underwent transformation following the disagreement among its members after the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy. TAdvertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More hese events gave birth to the creation of a new military force in 1979 known as the Islamic Revoluti onary Guards Corps (IRGC) which first developed as a parallel institution to the already existing military force but aimed at protecting the Islamic Republic (Iranian Research 1). In the performance of their domestic functions, the IGRC are linked with regular and other internal security forces and it is in this line that have made them controversial in their service since they are used to oppress and suppress or quell any street unrest. The inherent factor that links the military forces and the politics of Iran is that those who occupy positions in the military hierarchy are appointed by the president and their loyalty is to the serving president and government of the day (Iranian Research 1). This is evident in the current political situation where President Mohammed Ahmedinajad’s nine appointees are from the IRGC who are war veterans from the Iraq-Iran war of 1988. He has also appointed 30 governors from the ORGC ranks. This is a clear testimony of how militarized Iranian politics and government is. There are several centers of power in Iran which revolve around the political, economic and military figures. The military sphere which is dominantly the IRGC has developed as one of the prominent center of power and dominate over the other centers of power. The strength of the IRGC was evidenced following the military threats by the United States of America and also the frequent confrontation between the west and Iran which the IRGC has managed to thwart. In the contemporary times, the power of the IRGC has tremendously grown politically, it for example controls all the state sponsored media. They also took part in the 2004 legislative elections and managed to win in several towns and cities. They had also organized to control the executive branch of government in the 2005 presidential elections. The leadership of the military has been interlinked with the leadership of the regime and their responsibility in this sense is to intervene politically when th e need arises.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolutionary of the IRGC has also expanded their influence into the economic sphere of life by endearing itself to control major financial and economic investments in the country. They did this by justifying that it was meant to finance the activities of the IRGC (Green et al. 1). This militarization of the Iranian politics has raised a lot of criticisms from the reformists of the anti-establishment. This is because the IRGC is in favor of the current order and will try all they can to ensure there are no anti-government protests or even voices. It is argued that the excessive militarization of politics cast doubt into the power and ability of the Iran military in international politics and external defense (Ward 1). Conclusion The military forces of Iran have encountered numerous challe nges that might render them unable not only to protect the country externally but also in performing the role of preserving the ideologies of the regime. One of these problems is the division of the military into the regular and IRGC which has created mistrust and suspicion, the unrest that has rocked the Islamic republic is largely linked to the latent tension between the military ranks and also the political leadership. This has the potential of driving the country towards the path of instability. Also the excessive militarization of politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran may be a threat to the politics of the country since there is a history of the military turning against the government by leading coups which is always a feature praetorian political system. Works Cited Green et al. Understanding Iran, Rand Corporation monograph series Volume 771 of MG (Rand Corporation). New York: Rand Corporation, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iranian politics. The Militarization of Iranian politics. IAA, 2009. Web. Retrieved from http://www.aei.org/ Iranian Research. Iranian Analysis. Journal of Iranian research and analysis, 1999. Web. Ward, Ross. Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. This term paper on Military Forces and Politics of Iran was written and submitted by user Virginia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Famous Quotes About Money

Famous Quotes About Money As the song from 1966 hit musical Cabaret says, Money makes the world go round. Its no wonder there are so many songs, poems, and musings about money and its impact, good or bad: It affects our daily lives like few other things.   Everyone from philosophers (who typically have no money) to politicians (who know where all the money is hidden) has an opinion about money. Check out this list of some of the most memorable and best-known quotes about money.   Benjamin Franklin Money Quotes The man whose face appears on the American $100 bill had a lot to say about money.  Benjamin Franklin, one of Americas founding fathers, was a strong advocate for paper currency for the American colonies. His 1729 treatise  Ã‚  A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency,† became something of a blueprint for establishing a separate American economy. Here are a few other things Franklin had to say about money: A man  may  if he knows not how to save as he gets, keep his nose to the grindstone.Remember that time is money.He that goes a borrowing goes a sorrowing.He that is of the opinion money will do everything may well be suspected of doing everything for money.If you would be wealthy, think of saving as well as getting. Quotes About Money  from Movies and Plays Love may conquer all, but many a plot has been driven by a characters need for money; whether trying  to get it, keep it or lose it.   Greed,  for lack of a better word, is good.  -   Gordon Gecko, Wall Street.  In this country, you gotta make the money first. Then when you get the money, you get the power. Then when you get the power, then you get the women.  - Tony Montana, Scarface.  You can be young without money but you cant be old without it.  - Cat On a Hot Tin Roof, by Tennessee Williams Quotes About Money from Comedians, Writers, and Philosophers Some people believe you cant be happy without money, some think you cant be happy with it. But its a ripe source of material for anyone with a sense of humor or a sense of irony.   The more I see of the moneyed classes, the more I understand the guillotine.  - George Bernard ShawWhats the use of happiness? It cant buy you money.  - Henny YoungmanWhen I was young I used to think that money was the most important thing in life. Now that I am old, I know it is.  - Oscar WildeMoney cannot buy health, but Id settle for a diamond-studded wheelchair. - Dorothy Parker  Can anybody remember when the times were not hard and money not scarce? - Ralph Waldo EmersonEndless money forms the sinews of war.  - CiceroIt frees you from doing things you dislike. Since I dislike doing nearly everything, money is handy.  - Groucho Marx

Woman Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woman Studies - Essay Example campaigns have the title ‘Violence Against Women’ (Roces and Edwards 15) and are based on two different strategies: a) the promotion of laws for eliminating violence against women, and b) the increase of the public awareness in regard to violence against women (Roces and Edwards 15). The above campaigns are based on the rules of liberal feminism. As for radical feminism, the specific movement is mostly promoted through independent institutions. The National Black Feminist Organization (1973) is an example. It should be noted that the specific groups have been quite popular among African women who considered these groups as the only means for supporting their rights. Many efforts have been developed worldwide for securing the participation of women in leading positions, either in politics or in business. However, these efforts have faced many barriers. The key reason is that the ability of women to respond to the demands of such roles is often doubted. In practice, it has been proved that ‘only in societies where egalitarian practices are highly promoted, women are likely to have equal opportunities with men’ (Doh and Stumpf 362). In other words, simply increasing women’s participation cannot set the basis for an egalitarian future. Such future can be guaranteed only in societies where equality between men and women is clear in all social and economic activities. In 1995 a critical event for global women’s activism occurred: the Beijing Conference. The United Nations arranged this conference for discussing women’s rights (Ledwith 117). The level of participation has been impressive: about 30,000 women participated in the conference, supporting women’s rights (Ledwith 117). The participants have been representatives of organizations, governments, or even individuals (Ledwith 117). The global dimension always needs to be part of feminist activism, because this is the only way for women’s rights to be effectively protected. The Beijing Conference

The Oresund Bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Oresund Bridge - Essay Example In this case, people or basically the target audience of this bridge has the option of the ferry available. A rise in the prices will lower the demand for the bridge by a larger ratio as people will prefer to travel by ferry. Similarly, a fall in price will increase the demand by a larger ratio because more people would be able to afford it now. The second factor is that people like to travel from Denmark to Sweden, or vice versa, but they do not need it. Therefore people will only travel if the price is right, which is to say low. Whenever the price decreases, more people can afford it and this results in price elasticity. Q2) The Swedish government has estimated the price elasticity to be at -1.4. This has several implications for the traffic on the bridge. The Swedish government knows that first of all, an inverse relationship exists. This means that a decrease in price will definitely increase the demand and this can help the government in properly pricing it. The second implication is that any change in price will have 1.4 times the change on the demand. This means that for the government, it is beneficial to decrease the price to increase the demand. For example, if the government reduces the price by 10%, then it will result in a 14% increase in demand. Therefore, this information can be helpful in pricing the tickets for the bridge. Q3) This calculation of price elasticity of -1.4 is not beneficial in the long run because first of all, price elasticity tends to change overtime. Secondly, the government is thinking of changing the price and there is always different price elasticity for every pri ce level. Therefore if the price changes in the near future, then the price elasticity will change instantly. Lastly, advertisement campaigns play a huge role in changing the price elasticity, thus calculation is not useful in the long run. Case study 3.3: The Texas state bird Q1) PED= % Change in demand % Change in price Burbank-Oakland route PED= 120.68% =- 2.51 48% Kansas City-St. Louis route PED= 50.0% = 0.714 70.0% Q2) The above calculated price elasticity applies for the entire industry operating these routes. It does not specifically represent the price elasticity of Southwest Airlines because the values considered for the calculation are for the entire industry. This includes Southwest as well as its competitors. Q3) The Burbank-Oakland route has a high price elasticity of demand which means that the demand is price sensitive. The implication for the price setters is that these airlines should reduce the price of this route a little bit because this increases the demand by a great deal and increases the profitability. On the other hand, it must be kept in mind that the demand will decrease rapidly if the price of this route increases even by a little bit. If the price increases, then it will lower the demand by a large ratio and this will reduce the profits earned. Therefore this high price elasticity of demand can have very crucial implications for Southwest. (AmosWEB) Q4) Although the Kansas City-St. Louis route shows positive price elasticity, it may still prove to be profitable for Southwest to reduce their price. When a company reduces their prices or fares their market share increases and this often results in a long term profit. When Southwest will have a greater market share, they can change the prices according to their strategy. Also, although the price elasticity is positive, it is not at a high level and thus lowering the prices and making small short term losses is not a bad deal if it means increasing market share. Case study 5.1: Microso ft – increasing or diminishing returns? Q1) It is unlikely that a firm is experiencing increasing and diminishing return

Following Military Orders That May Be Unethical Research Paper

Following Military Orders That May Be Unethical - Research Paper Example There are many legal and social standards through which an action is ethical, but these standards do not solve the contradiction that comes with the relativity in situations, individuals and societies. While soldiers pledge to obey their superior’s orders they do so in view of the uniform code of military justice and the constitution. As such, soldiers â€Å"should not† obey illegal commands. Establishing the legality or illegality of a command has over the years has raised controversial ethical issues. Under the UCMJ, articles 90 to 92 hold that willful or un-willful disobedience of lawful orders from a senior officer is a criminal offence (Mason, 2011). During war, article 90 further stipulates that such an action is punishable by death (Mason, 2011). Unlawful orders are those that are repugnant to the Constitution seeing as the constitution is the supreme law of the land. The constitution derives form societal ethics and religious doctrines. However, the constitution does not take into account all societal ethics and religious standings of a people (Mason, 2011). There are many examples of illegal or potentially unethical orders issued every day in the army and other military organizations. This paper examines two accounts of death orders. The first example is that of William Calley 1968 during the Vietnam War (Thomas, 2012). The then Second Lieutenant claimed to have received orders from his superior to open fire and subsequently kill civilians. He then passed these orders to his juniors who, like him opened fire on innocent, unarmed civilians in the absence of duress (enemy fire) (Thomas, 2012). In 1971, William received a life sentence with the charge of premeditated murder. The aftermath of the sentence aside, Lieutenant William was guilty of murder while following the orders of a superior (Thomas, 2012). With the rise of terrorism threats cases of inhumane, unconstitutional mistreatment of prisoners is on the rise. A second example is an i ncident that occurred in the year 2004 during America’s invasion of Iraq. The 343rd Quartermaster Company on 13th October refused to go on a mission as ordered by their superiors (Mason, 2011). The unit cited unsafe and insufficient equipment as their reason to disobey orders claiming that the order was a suicide mission. The consequences of their actions have negative far reaching effects on their careers. These consequences include detainment, dishonorable discharge and forfeit of pay (Mason, 2011). In 1986, the U.S army listed some values an organization should have considered to form the foundation on which ethics stems from. These values included integrity, loyalty, selflessness and duty (Mason, 2011). For the individual, the army listed courage, commitment, candor and competence. This proclamation spells out two things. The first is that the superior officer (representative of the organization) should give due consideration to ethical matters while giving orders. Second ly, the officer receiving the orders should follow them while maintaining an ethical approach. Military laws and courts hold military persons accountable if their actions are unlawful regardless of the situation (whether they were following orders from a superior or not) (Mason, 2011). There are various theories that one can apply to examine the above situations. These theories include utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics relativism, emotivism and ethical egoism. John Stuart Mill advanced Consequentialism, a

PCR and Southern Blotting: Applications in Medicine

PCR and Southern Blotting: Applications in Medicine Introduction The 1970s introduced an inspirational technique in which a specific sequence could be determined from a sample of DNA via the process of Southern blotting. This method, named after Edwin Southern, provided the basis for a range of common laboratory techniques such as western blotting, eastern blotting and northern blotting [1]. Shortly after, in 1983, a revolutionary method was invented by Kary Mullis, called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2]. This procedure was originally used to amplify and identify DNA sequences in the human genome. Its use in genetic analysis was immediately recognised, as one of the first publications of its use was of prenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anaemia [3]. Since then it has been manipulated and a whole array of techniques have been derived from this invention. Both PCR and Southern blotting have been used widely in understanding and identifying microbes which in turn assists the diagnosis and management of patients suffering from infectious diseases. PCR Procedure The sample of DNA is heated up to 90Â °C to separate the two strands of DNA thereby exposing the nucleotide bases on each strand. A primer is then annealed to each strand from the 5 region at around 60Â °C and the temperature is increased once more. The thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme, Taq, prevents contamination by binding free complementary base pairs to the original strand of DNA at temperatures up to 70Â °C. The strands are then cooled and double the amount of DNA is synthesised, and the cycle restarts until a sufficient amount of DNA is produced. Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) is used when the original sample of RNA is transcribed so that DNA is the product of amplification. The sensitivity of PCR is great, as detection is from a single nucleotide base whilst its quantitative ability is derived from the proportional expansion of amplified DNA from its original size [5]. Southern Blot Procedure Southern blotting begins with a sample of DNA which is first broken up by a restriction endonuclease into smaller, varying fragments. The DNA is then placed into wells to undergo agarose gel electrophoresis where the fragments diffuse across a polarised field according to their size. The DNA is denatured by sodium hydroxide and transferred to a sheet of nitrocellulose or nylon and incubated with a hybridisation probe of single-stranded DNA. This radiolabelled probe binds to the exposed complementary base pairs and can be detected by autoradiography [6]. Southern Blotting Applications in Medical Microbiology Southern blotting is primarily used for DNA fingerprinting, gene sequencing and genetic engineering. It has been used in the identification of strains in microbes such as concluding the type of human papillomavirus extracted from a condyloma. However in this case it provided to be unreliable as it produced false-negatives, as PCR and in-situ hybridisation were deemed to be more efficient [7]. Another use of Southern blotting was in the detection of a strain of Listeria monocytogenes. In this study it was deemed an important technique in verifying species identification and in the characterisation of epidemic strains [8]. This method can be used to DNA fingerprint most microbes and determine a diagnosis and treatment for a patient suffering from their pathogenicity. However it is found to be too laborious, time consuming and requires large amounts of high quality DNA for most routine laboratories yet variations of this technique are still widely performed. The western blot, which uses antibodies as the probe to detect proteins instead of DNA, is a confirmatory test in the diagnosis of a human immune-deficiency virus(HIV) infection [9]. Since the established use of PCR there has become a decreased need for these laborious techniques in DNA sequencing [10]. PCR Applications in Medical Microbiology PCR can be used in detecting the genetic sequence of all microbes. It is useful in detecting organisms in early cultures where organisms are otherwise difficult to isolate, for example in enteroviruses RT-PCR is more sensitive than culture and the gold standard is detection of the this genome in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) by PCR [11]. PCR is also used in detecting genes encoding antibiotic resistance such as in Helicobacter pylori and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However its use is currently unsuitable for the diagnosis of H. pylori as clinical samples may contain inhibitors which can generate false-negatives10. PCR is used in quantifying the viral load of HIV within an infected person therefore determining the effectiveness of their treatment. The problem occurs when the genome sequence of the HIV changes therefore the PCR method needs to be altered and the current test would prove useless9. Currently immunoassays are used in the diagnosis of a HIV infection, however early in infection there is a variable period of time until anti-HIV antibodies can be detected and this provides a potential area of identification of the HIV by PCR [12]. Pitfalls of PCR include that the sample must be kept cold during storage and transport to the laboratory, the expertise required for analysing and interpreting results as well as standardising between different laboratories and finally the expensive cost of the procedure compared to available techniques9. Conclusion The applications for PCR and Southern blotting are enormous however they have limitations which prevent it from being routinely used in the diagnostic laboratory. With the advance of technology both are being developed, especially PCR, and have endless applications in medical microbiology.

sigmund freud :: essays research papers

SIGMUND FREUD 1856 - 1939 Freud's story, like most people's stories, begins with others. In his case those others were his mentor and friend, Dr. Joseph Breuer, and Breuer's patient, called Anna O. Anna O. was Joseph Breuer's patient from 1880 through 1882. Twenty one years old, Anna spent most of her time nursing her ailing father. She developed a bad cough that proved to have no physical basis. She developed some speech difficulties, then became mute, and then began speaking only in English, rather than her usual German. When her father died she began to refuse food, and developed an unusual set of problems. She lost the feeling in her hands and feet, developed some paralysis, and began to have involuntary spasms. She also had visual hallucinations and tunnel vision. But when specialists were consulted, no physical causes for these problems could be found. If all this weren't enough, she had fairy-tale fantasies, dramatic mood swings, and made several suicide attempts. Breuer's diagnosis was that she was suffering from what was then called hysteria (now called conversion disorder), which meant she had symptoms that appeared to be physical, but were not. In the evenings, Anna would sink into states of what Breuer called "spontaneous hypnosis," or what Anna herself called "clouds." Breuer found that, during these trance-like states, she could explain her day-time fantasies and other experiences, and she felt better afterwards. Anna called these episodes "chimney sweeping" and "the talking cure." Sometimes during "chimney sweeping," some emotional event was recalled that gave meaning to some particular symptom. The first example came soon after she had refused to drink for a while: She recalled seeing a woman drink from a glass that a dog had just drunk from. While recalling this, she experienced strong feelings of disgust...and then had a drink of water! In other words, her symptom -- an avoidance of water -- disappeared as soon as she remembered its root event, and experienced the strong emotion that would be appropriate to that event. Breuer called this catharsis, from the Greek word for cleansing. It was eleven years later that Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, wrote a book on hysteria. In it they explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world. The emotions appropriate to the trauma are not expressed in any direct fashion, but do not simply evaporate: They express themselves in behaviors that in a weak, vague way offer a response to the trauma.